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When
the FAA first experimented with the Accident Prevention Program, an Aviation Safety
Inspector in each of two district offices was assigned the duty of establishing a program
to prevent accidents. After a one-year trial period in those two offices, the program was
deemed a success and it went national. Apparently, the FAA is in love with words. Why else
would they keep changing terminology every time some bureaucrat dreams up a new name for
something? In any event, one inspector in each district office was designated an Accident
Prevention Specialist, or "Apes" as they were first called. Later, they became
Accident Prevention Program Managers, APPMs (probably on the theory that if you give
‘em the title of manager, you don’t have to promote ‘em and give ‘em
more money). And finally, the name was changed to Safety Program Managers (or SPAMS), this
time because the word "safety" has a more positive connotation than the word
"accident." As the program grew, the voluntary flight proficiency check evolved
into the biennial flight review.
In the beginning, a great deal of emphasis was placed on the fact that the first step
in preventing an accident is to admit that "It can happen to me!" We read
the accident reports and sympathize with the victims, but it is always those other guys
who are involved. Somehow we all have a sense of invincibility. None of this bad stuff can
ever happen to us. Well, I’m here to tell you that indeed it can happen to any of us
at any time. They say (whoever "they" are) that there are those who have landed
gear-up and those who are going to. That hasn’t happened to me yet, but I’m not
going to say it won’t. Twice I tried to put an airplane down on the runway with the
gear tucked away in the wheel wells and twice the tower saved me from the expense and
embarrassment of doing so.
Think
In recent years we have moved away from emphasizing the first step in preventing an accident and it is important that we return to a recognition of the fact that it can happen to any of us at any time. And I don’t mean we must admit this intellectually; we must do so emotionally as well. The saying "Safety is no Accident" is certainly true and what it means is that safety must be intentionally pursued. In this pursuit of safety, we must first acknowledge that it is not always the other guy who is involved in an accident, but that IT CAN HAPPEN TO ME! This acknowledgement translates into action in the form of requiring a pilot to be constantly alert and to expect the unexpected. There should be no surprises. If a pilot is well-trained and is not caught by surprise, the probability is that he will be able to cope with almost anything that comes up. But first, he must admit that it can happen to him/her.
The intentional pursuit of safety requires that the pilot put his/her brain
in gear and think at each step of the way on every flight. If, on every single takeoff, as
power is applied and the airplane starts down the runway the pilot is expecting to lose an
engine, then when it does happen, he will be prepared and be in a position to take
appropriate action. He will be in control, rather than permitting the situation to control
him. By being prepared and anticipating a problem, the pilot can have a course of action
in mind and can prevent a potential disaster.
Act
There is almost no emergency situation with which the pilot of the average general aviation airplane cannot cope if he is properly trained and if he keeps his cool. It is panic that’s the killer. If the pilot first remains calm and secondly does as he’s been taught, then he will likely extricate himself from the situation and avoid disaster. Of course, this is not easy. One must force oneself to keep calm, but it can be done. The United States Navy used to teach its pilots that when confronted with an emergency, to take a deep breath and wind the clock on the panel! Nothing is happening so fast that the pilot has to panic and this simple action forces one to pause and determine the correct course of action.
Safety, in general, is a very difficult subject in which to get people interested. This is because accidents always happen to those "other" people. But, if we force ourselves to realize emotionally as well as intellectually that it can happen to me, then we will have taken that all-important first step in preventing an accident. It is easy enough to know something like this intellectually, but it is frequently extremely difficult to acknowledge it emotionally. Even so, this is a step which all pilots must take if they are to operate in the airspace safely. Our training prepares us to deal with most emergencies, but when emotion (extreme fear and panic) takes over, logic goes out the window. People have been known to become paralyzed with fear to the extent that they become absolutely helpless and unable to cope.
Hazardous Attitudes
We are now starting to train pilots to recognize and counteract the more common mind-sets that help create dangerous situations. If we can recognize within ourselves the underlying predisposition making for a dangerous attitude and we know and apply the antidote, then we will have gone a long way toward preventing a potential accident. There are certain conditions and situations that no amount of forethought or anticipation can prevent, such as some kinds of mechanical problems, unexpected, unforecast weather, etc. However, there are other factors that may lead to potential disaster about which we can do something. These are hazardous attitudes within ourselves. To help us understand these hazardous attitudes and how they affect aviation safety, the FAA has identified five of them and spelled out the antidote for each.
Invulnerability
The first of these hazardous attitudes is the feeling of invulnerability that most of us have to one degree or another. This is that attitude leading us to believe that accidents always happen to that other guy, never to us. We can read and even study in-depth published accounts of aviation accidents in order to learn from them, but we still have that unjustified feeling that this sort of thing won’t ever happen to me. It’s always the other guy who runs out of fuel or forgets to lower his landing gear.
The antidote for this one is simply to know that it can happen to me. Each of us can dredge up from our past several close calls. As we read the accident reports and reflect on our own close calls, we can say to ourselves, "There but for the grace of God go I."
As I mentioned above, I have twice attempted to land an airplane
without first extending its landing gear. Both occasions involved classic distractions
which took my attention away from the job at hand. One of these events occurred when I was
on angling final at a tower-controlled airport. I was cleared to land about four miles out
when another, faster airplane called in and announced that he was lined up for a
straight-in approach and landing and was about five miles out on final. I turned my
attention from the pre-landing check and turned my head to look out the right window,
diving toward the runway the whole time. As I lined up and started to flare, the local
controller in the tower advised me that my gear appeared to still be up! I instantly
popped the gear and set the airplane down. I had been going much too fast to activate the
gear warning device. You can well imagine how angry I was (and still am) at myself and how
understandably upset I was (and still am) with the pilot of the faster airplane who was at
least ten miles off to my right rear when he called (miscalled) his position, leading me
to believe he was abeam me.
On the other occasion that I attempted to take that short step from the airplane to the ground, I was administering a flight test to an individual in a light twin and I called for a go-around from a balked landing. I even reminded myself to be alert for the possibility of a gear-up landing when he retracted the gear for the go-around (this is a classic setup for a gear-up landing — the pilot knows he’s already extended the gear). However, I became so engrossed in observing his technique and airspeed on the approach that I forgot about the retracted landing gear, as did he. Once again, the tower came to the rescue. Now, I know the applicant was Pilot-in-Command, but how do you think I would have felt had I permitted him to finish the landing with the gear up? In fact, how foolish do you think I feel anyway? Even though he was PIC, who would have been liable for the damage? Good question, huh?
Anti-Authority
We all know pilots with an anti-authority attitude, which is the next of the hazardous attitudes identified by the FAA. This is the guy who says, "Don’t tell me what I can and can’t do!" Rules are for other people, not me. This is the pilot who says, "Why should I take a Biennial Flight Review? I’ve already demonstrated my competence when I passed the check ride. I don’t have to prove anything." He then consciously refrains from presenting himself to an instructor for a BFR and he no doubt needs it more than the conscientious pilot who avails himself of regular refresher training does. He disagrees with almost all the rules and he breaks them every time he thinks he can get away with it. Sooner or later this attitude will get him in serious trouble — and I don’t mean a violation with suspension or revocation — I mean a serious accident!
The antidote for this one is very simple. Whether we necessarily agree with them or not, we must follow the rules. They are usually right and, believe it or not, on the whole they were made for our own safety. There are, of course, many regulations that do nothing positive, but there are means within the system for getting these changed. Of course this is not an easy task. It is extremely difficult, but it can be done.
Impulsivity
Another of the hazardous attitudes identified by the FAA is that of impulsivity. This is the one that results in immediate action without benefit of thought. It is the urge to do something, anything. And do it quickly. Often when the pilot acts impulsively he does the wrong thing and makes a bad situation worse.
As I pointed out earlier, nothing is happening so fast that the pilot has to panic. Therefore, the antidote for impulsivity is to pause and think. If the pilot puts his mind in gear and thinks first before taking action, then he can briefly review his options and select the appropriate course of action to solve the problem. No one can be taught the proper response to every possible situation, but if the pilot understands the problem, he can work out his own solution. Remember that panic — resulting in hasty, thoughtless action — is the killer.
Mr. Macho
We all also know more than one Mr. Macho. He’s the
one who thinks he can do anything. He’s not only confident, he’s overconfident.
He consistently takes unnecessary chances in the certain knowledge that he can get away
with it. He’s probably already had several minor mishaps, such as powering his
airplane through a snowbank and damaging the propeller, hitting a wingtip on a building as
he rapidly taxis past, or forcing something that doesn’t quite fit. When he does a
pre-takeoff run-up and gets an unusual mag drop, he says, "What the heck, I can
handle this. After all, I’ve got a spare mag. Who needs two?" And off he goes,
without his charts because he knows where he’s going and he doesn’t really need
a chart to get there. He gets away with these little lapses until one day he attempts the
really impossible, at which time we read about his final adventure in the newspaper.
The antidote for this macho attitude is to simply know that taking unnecessary chances is foolish and sooner or later this kind of activity will catch up with you. Mr. Macho conceives himself as he thinks others view him, but little does he know that he is thought of as a fool who takes unnecessary risks, because the wise pilot knows that taking chances is foolish. If we feel even the beginning of a trace of the macho attitude creeping into our ourselves, we must make ourselves believe, emotionally as well as intellectually, that taking chances is foolish and no one likes to be thought of as a fool. In aviation, every single step must be taken with care. This means everything from using our checklist to ensuring that we are physically prepared for flight. Mr. Macho, of course, deigns to use a checklist. After all, he can do it without that kind of crutch, and as for his own physical condition, he knows he’s ready for flight, head cold, fever, emotional upset, fatigue, or whatever.
Resignation
The final hazardous attitude identified by the FAA is that of resignation. In this one, the pilot thinks, "What’s the use?" He feels helpless and unable to cope with the situation. He simply gives up. Feeling that there’s nothing he can do to extricate himself and solve the problem, he permits the situation to control him rather than remaining in charge and controlling his own destiny. Although decision-making is one of the most difficult functions in which human being engage, we still like to feel that we are in control and when we abandon this belief we are indeed in trouble. Failing to realize that he can call on his training, skill, and experience, the pilot just gives up and lets nature (perhaps gravity) take its course. This helpless feeling can paralyze an individual and render him incapable of action of any kind.
Here, the antidote is to realize that the situation is not hopeless. The pilot must say to himself, "I’m not helpless. I can make a difference." Here, as in the antidote for impulsivity, the pilot must force himself to remain calm and fly the airplane. As always, he must control the airplane rather than let it control him. If the pilot realizes that he’s not helpless and that he can make a difference, he then only needs to keep his cool and do what he was taught. Once more, it is not easy, but it can be done.
What this all boils down to is: Not only is the
attitude of the airplane in its three dimensional situation important, but the attitude of
the pilot is equally important.
Conclusion
There are no doubt other hazardous attitudes which make dangerous situations worse, or convert a small difficulty into a disaster, but the foregoing five are the ones identified by the FAA as being the ones we as pilots must be particularly alert to avoid. If we recognize any of these attitudes within ourselves, and apply the antidote, and if we force ourselves to acknowledge that no one is immune (it can happen to me), we will have gone a long way toward reducing the human factor in the aviation accident record. And as we all know the majority of aviation accidents result from human factors.
Usual Boilerplate: If you have a comment regarding this column, please post it here rather than sending it to me by direct email. That way others may benefit from your input.
